Real-world workloads enable huge SSD capacities and efficient data granularity
High-density NAND, like QLC (quad-level cell NAND that stores 4 bits of data per cell), enables large SSDs but presents more challenges than TLC
SSD capacity growth requires local DRAM memory growth for maps that have traditional 1:1000 DRAM to Storage Capacity ratios
To calculate WAF contribution, we must profile all SSD writes and align them within an IU
The system was instrumented to trace IOs for several benchmarks
IOs are not always misaligned
The colour grading for more intense IOs is now skewed to the right, indicating that large IOs move a lot of data and have a small WAF contribution
The industry must be convinced to stop benchmarking SSDs with 4K RW and FIO, which is unrealistic and harmful to evolution